A neutral schematic of the objects and relations in the statement.
Problem. Does there exist an infinite word \(a_0a_1a_2\cdots\) over \(\{0,1,2,3\}\) with no indices \(i\ge0\) and \(\ell\ge1\) for which the three consecutive sums \(\sum_{r=0}^{\ell-1}a_{i+r}\), \(\sum_{r=0}^{\ell-1}a_{i+\ell+r}\), and \(\sum_{r=0}^{\ell-1}a_{i+2\ell+r}\) are equal?
1Context
The unresolved alphabet is exceptional because its values form a short arithmetic progression. Morphic constructions, finite-state certificates, and structural descriptions of the first forced cube can be combined across independent searches.
2Problem setup
Definition 1. An additive cube consists of three consecutive blocks of the same positive length and the same integer sum.
Definition 2. The alphabet is the four-term arithmetic progression \(\{0,1,2,3\}\), with its displayed numerical values.
Remark 1. A word avoids additive cubes when no factor has the stated three-block decomposition.
3What counts as a solution
Give an infinite word over \(\{0,1,2,3\}\) with a complete additive-cube avoidance proof, or prove that every such infinite word contains an additive cube.
1Status
Current status (A finite additive-cube-free word of length 70,880,000 is known). Lietard's 2020 thesis Proposition 6.4.1 gives a word of exactly 70,880,000 letters over {0,1,2,3} with no additive cube; the infinite case remains open.[1]
1Records
12 records
Record
Kind
Assessment
By Florian Lietard
Result
Supported
claim · Claim 1
Lietard's 2020 thesis Proposition 6.4.1 gives a word of exactly 70,880,000 letters over {0,1,2,3} with no additive cube; the infinite case remains open.[1]
Relevance to this problem
For Additive-cube avoidance on the alphabet zero through three, record ac0123-claim-seventy-million-finite-word (“A finite additive-cube-free word of length 70,880,000 is known”) records a bound, answer, status fact, or structural consequence. The record states: Lietard's 2020 thesis Proposition 6.4.1 gives a word of exactly 70,880,000 letters over {0,1,2,3} with no additive cube; the infinite case remains open.
Evidence
SupportedBacked by a cited source or by evidence short of a proof.
Record state
reported
Scope
the source-reported 70,880,000-letter word over the literal integer alphabet {0,1,2,3}
Proposition 6.4.1 of Lietard's thesis states that there is a 70,880,000-letter word over \(\{0,1,2,3\}\) containing no three consecutive equal-length blocks with equal sums. Chapter 6 constructs the word with the deterministic Up and Down method, which alternates the letter priority \(0,1,2,3\) and \(3,2,1,0\) after a failure threshold and a fixed retreat. Section 6.4.2 reports that the computation took several weeks.
This is the strongest finite construction located in the dated audit. It supplies no infinite word or impossibility proof. The thesis page for the word and program currently points to a file-share URL that returned HTTP 404 on 2026-07-28. The proposition is therefore recorded as sourced evidence without an independent replay of the 70,880,000-letter artifact.
By Florian Lietard, Matthieu Rosenfeld, Jonathan Andrade, Lucas Mol
Result
Supported
claim · Claim 2
Lietard and Rosenfeld settle every size-four complex alphabet outside the additive-equivalence class of {0,1,2,3}; Andrade and Mol still list this class as open in February 2025.[2]
Relevance to this problem
For Additive-cube avoidance on the alphabet zero through three, record ac0123-claim-only-four-letter-class-open (“The four-term progression is the remaining four-letter equivalence class”) records a bound, answer, status fact, or structural consequence. The record states: Lietard and Rosenfeld settle every size-four complex alphabet outside the additive-equivalence class of {0,1,2,3}; Andrade and Mol still list this class as open in February 2025.
Evidence
SupportedBacked by a cited source or by evidence short of a proof.
Record state
reported
Scope
the sourced additive-cube avoidability classification of numerical alphabets of cardinality four
Lietard and Rosenfeld call two same-size numerical alphabets equivalent when a letter map preserves and reflects equal-length, equal-sum equivalence for every pair of finite words. Their Lemma 1 shows that every affine map \(x\mapsto ax+b\), with \(a\ne0\), preserves this equivalence. Their Main Theorem and Corollary 1 give an infinite additive-cube-free word over every complex alphabet of size four outside the class of \(\{0,1,2,3\}\). In the integer setting, the exceptional class consists of four-term arithmetic progressions under an affine image.
Their closing Question 1 leaves \(\{0,1,2,3\}\) open and reports an exhaustive failure for morphisms whose four images each have length at most seven. Andrade and Mol state in their February 2025 introduction that it is still unknown whether an infinite additive-cube-free word exists over \(\{0,1,2,3\}\). This later explicit status is the latest direct statement located in the audit.
A deterministic Up-and-Down reconstruction produced a 1,000,000-letter word over {0,1,2,3}, and two differently ordered exact scans found no additive cube.
Relevance to this problem
For Additive-cube avoidance on the alphabet zero through three, record ac0123-claim-million-letter-construction (“The reconstructed method produces a checked million-letter word”) records a bound, answer, status fact, or structural consequence. The record states: A deterministic Up-and-Down reconstruction produced a 1,000,000-letter word over {0,1,2,3}, and two differently ordered exact scans found no additive cube.
Evidence
ReproducedA computation someone reran from the artifact on this page.
Record state
observed
Scope
the single recorded deterministic word of length 1,000,000 over the literal integer alphabet {0,1,2,3}
Details
With failure threshold 1,209, retreat length 100, and checkpoint spacing 10,000, the constructor reached length 1,000,000 after testing 2,480,028 candidate letters. The output file, including its final line feed, has SHA-256 digest `15d439b42fefa8501203775cf0b4457f7eaf19bae14ae5797b5d405e03ed1846`.
The constructor's internal scan checked every end position and block length. The independent checker scanned every block length and start position. Each covered all 166,666,500,000 admissible factor specifications and found no additive cube. The symbol counts are 282,092 zeros, 217,686 ones, 217,697 twos, and 282,525 threes. Lietard's source-reported word has length 70,880,000. The acceptance condition still asks for an infinite word or an impossibility proof.
The audit resolved one canonical TheoremDB problem with no attached research records and found a February 2025 primary source explicitly calling the {0,1,2,3} case unknown.[3][4][2][1][6][5]
Relevance to this problem
For Additive-cube avoidance on the alphabet zero through three, record ac0123-attempt-dated-source-and-live-audit (“A 2026 source and live-state audit leaves the infinite case open”) documents a concrete method, search boundary, or failed route. The record states: The audit resolved one canonical TheoremDB problem with no attached research records and found a February 2025 primary source explicitly calling the {0,1,2,3} case unknown.
Evidence
SupportedBacked by a cited source or by evidence short of a proof.
Record state
completed
Scope
the named live TheoremDB records and primary sources checked for the exact {0,1,2,3} additive-cube problem on 2026-07-28
The audit searched the live TheoremDB directory by exact title terms, object, parameter, and additive-cube aliases. It found one canonical target, problem 2826, and no attached research records. The exact slug search endpoint tokenized the query differently and returned zero, so the title-term result and canonical object were checked directly. No duplicate target or competing packet was found.
The literature pass started with Rao's 2015 paper, which asks the question and reports a finite word of about \(1.4\times10^5\) letters. Lietard and Rosenfeld's 2020 classification makes the arithmetic-progression class the sole four-letter exception and reports finite words above \(10^7\). Lietard's thesis raises the finite construction to exactly 70,880,000. The 2022 survey repeats the open exception. Andrade and Mol explicitly call the case unknown in arXiv:2408.15390v2, revised February 2025. Popoli, Shallit, and Stipulanti address neighboring additive-complexity and Walnut questions.
Exact-title, exact-alphabet, finite-length, morphism, citation, arXiv, DOI, and author-page searches were run through 2026-07-28. The result is a dated search report. Its finite scope cannot establish the absence of later or unpublished work.
The deterministic alternating-priority search reached its 1,000,000-letter target within a 10-billion-candidate cap and retained a fully checked word digest.
Relevance to this problem
For Additive-cube avoidance on the alphabet zero through three, record ac0123-attempt-updown-million (“The source-informed finite construction reaches one million”) documents a concrete method, search boundary, or failed route. The record states: The deterministic alternating-priority search reached its 1,000,000-letter target within a 10-billion-candidate cap and retained a fully checked word digest.
Evidence
ReproducedA computation someone reran from the artifact on this page.
Record state
completed
Scope
one deterministic Up-and-Down search trajectory over {0,1,2,3} through its one-million-letter target
What happened
The attempt reconstructed the thesis's finite Up-and-Down idea using exact prefix sums. It used ascending priority \(0,1,2,3\), descending priority \(3,2,1,0\), a failure threshold of 1,209, a retreat of 100 letters, and checkpoints every 10,000 letters. The stopping rule was target length 1,000,000 or 10,000,000,000 tested candidate letters.
The run reached its target after 2,480,028 tests, 1,271,032 rejected candidates, 208,996 recorded backtracks, and 1,097 direction changes. Construction plus the internal quadratic scan took 180.38 wall seconds. A separate checker took 102.68 wall seconds and accepted the same word. A 250,000-letter calibration run used 617,607 tests and produced digest `c9e5f13458e3bec984fc37f91541edc8a9b0fff78e47d9949626aa0f15a95520`.
The million-letter execution is a separate deterministic construction. It agrees with the 250,000-letter execution for the first 249,900 symbols, then changes because the longer run retreats 100 symbols at the 250,000 checkpoint.
An empty-prefix ascending search spent 10,000,000 candidate tests on a 30,000-letter target and ended with a valid 24,382-letter word.
Relevance to this problem
For Additive-cube avoidance on the alphabet zero through three, record ac0123-attempt-direct-ten-million-budget (“Direct ascending search stalls near the thesis hard boundary”) documents a concrete method, search boundary, or failed route. The record states: An empty-prefix ascending search spent 10,000,000 candidate tests on a 30,000-letter target and ended with a valid 24,382-letter word.
Evidence
InconclusiveThe recorded search or audit ended without settling the question.
Scope
one deterministic empty-prefix ascending search over {0,1,2,3} under the recorded candidate-test cap
What happened
The failed route kept the priority \(0,1,2,3\) throughout and backtracked lexicographically after rejected extensions. It started from the empty word, targeted length 30,000, and stopped exactly at 10,000,000 tested candidate letters. The final retained prefix had length 24,382 and passed a full scan of 99,076,257 candidate factors. Its file digest, including the final line feed, is `c7fdbaa5242a859193ee96fa8a6a767f3be7162e00417a9f0b3a8e6cc4c44a1d`.
The thesis reports that its direct approach reaches 24,396 quickly and then spends two more hours reaching 24,397. The unavailable original code and possible initial-prefix difference prevent an exact replay comparison. The present run calibrates this reconstruction and lands in the same narrow length range. Raising the candidate cap alone would repeat a poor route. A retry is justified if the original source and initial word are recovered, or if a structural pruning rule changes the search tree.
Start with 23,298,600 incidence-valid image tuples in the smallest prefiltered affine-matrix orbit, use finite prefixes only as screening, and submit every survivor to the additive-power template decision algorithm.[3][7]
Relevance to this problem
For Additive-cube avoidance on the alphabet zero through three, record ac0123-attempt-affine-morphism-certificate-search (“Search beyond image length seven with a decision certificate”) documents a concrete method, search boundary, or failed route. The record states: Start with 23,298,600 incidence-valid image tuples in the smallest prefiltered affine-matrix orbit, use finite prefixes only as screening, and submit every survivor to the additive-power template decision algorithm.
Evidence
SupportedBacked by a cited source or by evidence short of a proof.
Record state
next experiment
Scope
a proposed certificate-oriented search over affine morphisms on {0,1,2,3} outside the published image-length-at-most-seven range
Lietard and Rosenfeld report that every morphism over \(\{0,1,2,3\}\) whose four images have length at most seven fails to provide an additive-cube-free infinite fixed point. The next experiment should begin outside that published negative range.
The included exact prefilters cover affine image lengths 8 through 12. They leave 1,130 complement-conjugacy orbits of expanding length-sum matrices. Requiring each of the four image pools to contain an additive-cube-free word reduces the all-four-letters tranche to 588 orbits. Requiring a self-starting image whose incidence-reachable component contains all four letters gives an exact second ranking. The smallest orbit representative has matrix \((8,1,2,2)\), image lengths \((8,9,10,11)\), image sums \((2,4,6,8)\), and 23,298,600 retained tuples.
Enumerate that representative first, then continue in the recorded all-four-reachability order. A one-million-symbol scan is an early rejection screen. For each surviving morphism, compute the short-factor bound required by Theorem 2.4 and record an exhaustive initial check through that bound. The million-symbol scan can serve as this initial check only when it reaches the computed bound. Next enumerate the finite template-ancestor set, then run the theorem's final template check. Preserve the first cube for every rejection. Fixed points omitting a letter form a separate tranche whose ternary subalphabet status should be audited first.
The template decision algorithm is due to Currie, Mol, Rampersad, and Shallit and implemented by Andrade and Mol. Theorem 2.4 makes it decisive for morphisms satisfying the stated affine and expanding hypotheses. Use a 16 GiB memory limit and a 12-hour wall limit per candidate. Preserve parameter regions, source digests, short-factor bounds, initial-check results, ancestor sets, final checks, first-cube witnesses, and resource exits so later searches can skip completed work.
A self-contained C++17 program implements exact suffix checks, alternating letter priorities, fixed retreats, and a full internal scan.
Relevance to this problem
For Additive-cube avoidance on the alphabet zero through three, record ac0123-artifact-updown-constructor (“Deterministic Up-and-Down finite-word constructor”) supplies evidence or a replay used to check the packet. The record states: A self-contained C++17 program implements exact suffix checks, alternating letter priorities, fixed retreats, and a full internal scan.
Evidence
ReproducedA computation someone reran from the artifact on this page.
Record state
available
Scope
the deterministic Up-and-Down execution recorded here on the integer alphabet {0,1,2,3}
Join source_lines with LF characters and append one terminal LF as additive_cube_replay.cpp; source_sha256 includes that terminal LF
Runtime
Apple clang version 21.0.0, target arm64-apple-darwin25.2.0, ISO C++17, standard library only
Details
The constructor stores exact unsigned 64-bit prefix sums. A candidate letter is accepted precisely when no additive cube ends at the new final position. In Up-and-Down mode it starts with priority \(0,1,2,3\), switches to \(3,2,1,0\) after 1,209 rejected candidates or at each 10,000-letter checkpoint, retreats 100 letters, and repeats. The thesis's displayed main directly switches direction and retreats at the checkpoints. It fixes the failure threshold at 1,209 and uses a retreat of 100 in the threshold-tuning code, while also saying that the retreat changed during the long construction. The program therefore records the exact 100-letter retreat as a source-informed choice specific to this reconstruction.
After construction, the program scans every end position and every admissible block length again before printing the word. The execution is deterministic and uses no randomness, floating point, network, or external service. Its implementation was written independently from the unavailable thesis source and should be treated as a source-informed reconstruction.
A separate 42-line C++17 program loops by block length and start position and checks all 166,666,500,000 candidate factors of the million-letter word.
Relevance to this problem
For Additive-cube avoidance on the alphabet zero through three, record ac0123-artifact-independent-full-scan (“Independent exact full-word checker”) supplies evidence or a replay used to check the packet. The record states: A separate 42-line C++17 program loops by block length and start position and checks all 166,666,500,000 candidate factors of the million-letter word.
Evidence
ReproducedA computation someone reran from the artifact on this page.
Record state
available
Scope
every candidate additive-cube factor of the recorded 1,000,000-letter word over {0,1,2,3}
Join source_lines with LF characters and append one terminal LF as additive_cube_verify.cpp; source_sha256 includes that terminal LF
Runtime
Apple clang version 21.0.0, target arm64-apple-darwin25.2.0, ISO C++17, standard library only
Details
This checker shares the prefix-sum formula with the mathematical definition and shares no construction or backtracking code. Its outer loop is block length and its inner loop is start position, unlike the constructor's internal end-position loop. It reads a word file, rejects symbols outside \(0,1,2,3\), and returns the first additive cube or the count of all checked pairs.
On the million-letter output it completed all 166,666,500,000 admissible \((\text{block length},\text{start})\) pairs and returned valid=true. The same source checked the separately generated 250,000-letter output over 10,416,625,000 pairs.
A standard-library Python program reduces the proposed morphism range to nine length patterns and 1,130 complement-conjugacy orbits of expanding length-sum matrices.
Relevance to this problem
For Additive-cube avoidance on the alphabet zero through three, record ac0123-artifact-affine-matrix-prefilter (“Exact affine-matrix prefilter for image lengths 8 through 12”) supplies evidence or a replay used to check the packet. The record states: A standard-library Python program reduces the proposed morphism range to nine length patterns and 1,130 complement-conjugacy orbits of expanding length-sum matrices.
Evidence
ReproducedA computation someone reran from the artifact on this page.
Record state
available
Scope
every affine integer length-sum matrix whose four image lengths lie between 8 and 12 and whose image sums are feasible over {0,1,2,3}
Run
python3 affine_matrix_prefilter.py
Entry point
Join source_lines with LF characters and append one terminal LF as affine_matrix_prefilter.py; source_sha256 includes that terminal LF
Runtime
Python 3.9.6, standard library only
Details
For a morphism on letters \(x=0,1,2,3\), affineness requires image lengths \(L_x=a+bx\) and image sums \(S_x=c+dx\). Requiring every \(L_x\) to lie in \([8,12]\) leaves nine length vectors. A sum is feasible precisely when \(0\le S_x\le3L_x\), since every integer in that interval is the sum of an \(L_x\)-letter word over \(\{0,1,2,3\}\).
For \(M=[[a,b],[c,d]]\), write \(T=a+d\) and \(D=ad-bc\). The program checks the expanding-eigenvalue condition with exact integer arithmetic by applying the quadratic Schur criterion to the reciprocal eigenvalues. Its three inequalities are \((D-T+1)D>0\), \((D+T+1)D>0\), and \((D-1)D>0\), with \(D\ne0\).
The exhaustive matrix-level pass finds 2,895 feasible length-sum matrices, of which 2,724 are nonsingular and 2,212 meet the expanding condition. Complement conjugation sends \((a,b,c,d)\) to \((a+3b,-b,3a+9b-c-3d,d-3b)\). It is an involution on the expanding set, with 48 fixed matrices and 1,130 orbits. Prolongability and additive-cube avoidance remain word-level stages in the recommended experiment.
Artifact
Reproduced
artifact · Artifact 4
Two independent exhaustive programs count every additive-cube-free word of lengths 8 through 12 by sum, reduce the all-four-letters matrix tranche to 588 complement orbits, and rank its smallest incidence-valid image-tuple pools.
Relevance to this problem
For Additive-cube avoidance on the alphabet zero through three, record ac0123-artifact-finite-image-pools (“Exact additive-cube-free image pools through length 12”) supplies evidence or a replay used to check the packet. The record states: Two independent exhaustive programs count every additive-cube-free word of lengths 8 through 12 by sum, reduce the all-four-letters matrix tranche to 588 complement orbits, and rank its smallest incidence-valid image-tuple pools.
Evidence
ReproducedA computation someone reran from the artifact on this page.
Record state
available
Scope
every finite word over {0,1,2,3} of lengths 8 through 12, plus the resulting necessary matrix filter for fixed points using all four letters
Run
python3 additive_cube_image_pool.py
Entry point
Join source_lines with LF characters and append one terminal LF as additive_cube_image_pool.py; source_sha256 includes that terminal LF
Runtime
Python 3.9.6 standard library; independent Apple clang 21.0.0 C++17 verifier
Details
The Python program grows every word over \(\{0,1,2,3\}\) through length 12 and rejects a prefix as soon as an additive cube ends at its final position. The exact numbers of surviving words at lengths 8 through 12 are 42,070, 150,560, 538,214, 1,924,738, and 6,772,220. It also retains the count for every pair of length and sum, first letter, and symbol-support mask.
A separate C++ program enumerates all \(4^n\) words by two-bit integer code for each \(8\le n\le12\). It scans factors in block-length and start-position order. The five complete sum-count vectors agree exactly with the recursive program.
Consider a fixed point that uses all four letters. Each image \(f(x)\) then occurs as a factor and must itself avoid additive cubes. Applying this necessary condition to the 2,212 expanding matrices leaves 1,146 matrices. Each has at least one letter whose viable image pool contains a word beginning with that letter, so the matrix-level prolongability test makes no further deletion. Complement conjugation reduces the tranche to 588 orbits, with 30 fixed matrices.
The support masks permit an exact incidence-graph filter without enumerating individual image tuples. For each tuple of four support categories, the program tests whether some self-starting image gives a prolongation letter whose reachable component contains all four letters. After this filter, the representative matrix \((8,1,2,2)\), with lengths \((8,9,10,11)\) and sums \((2,4,6,8)\), has the smallest retained pool: 23,298,600 image tuples. Its four unfiltered image-pool sizes are 1, 33, 510, and 5,831. The output records the first twelve orbit representatives under both the prolongability and all-four-reachability rankings. Fixed points that omit a letter lie outside this first tranche and require a separate subalphabet audit.
A direct C++17 enumeration independently reproduces the finite image pools, the 1,146 prolongable matrices and 588 complement orbits, and the exact 23,298,600 incidence-valid tuples for matrix (8,1,2,2).
Relevance to this problem
For Additive-cube avoidance on the alphabet zero through three, record ac0123-artifact-independent-incidence-replay (“Independent C++ replay of the leading all-four incidence count”) supplies evidence or a replay used to check the packet. The record states: A direct C++17 enumeration independently reproduces the finite image pools, the 1,146 prolongable matrices and 588 complement orbits, and the exact 23,298,600 incidence-valid tuples for matrix (8,1,2,2).
Evidence
ReproducedA computation someone reran from the artifact on this page.
Record state
available
Scope
all finite image words of lengths 8 through 12 and the exact all-four incidence count for affine matrix (8,1,2,2)
Join source_lines with LF characters and append one terminal LF as additive_cube_incidence_verify.cpp; source_sha256 includes that terminal LF
Runtime
Apple clang version 21.0.0, target arm64-apple-darwin25.2.0, ISO C++17, standard library only
Details
This replay enumerates every word over \(\{0,1,2,3\}\) of lengths 8 through 12 by two-bit integer code. It scans every possible additive-cube factor in block-length and start-position order, then records length, sum, first letter, and support mask for each surviving word. This implementation is separate from the recursive Python generator in `ac0123-artifact-finite-image-pools`.
The program independently obtains 1,146 expanding matrices whose four image pools are nonempty and permit a self-starting image, then reduces them to 588 complement-conjugacy orbits. It reproduces the first twelve prolongability-ranked representatives. For the incidence-leading matrix \((8,1,2,2)\), it partitions each image pool by support mask and whether the image begins with its own letter. Exact directed reachability over those categories gives 23,298,600 tuples with a prolongation letter whose fixed-point component uses all four letters.
The replay checks the claimed leading incidence count. The primary Python artifact performs the exhaustive incidence ranking across all 588 orbits; this C++ program does not repeat that global ranking.
Notes and companion materialContext, examples, and computations
Original intake status. UNKNOWN as of 2026-07-28. Infinite additive-cube-free words are known for every four-element integer alphabet outside the affine class of {0,1,2,3}. The checked sources leave {0,1,2,3} unresolved.
On 2026-07-28 the primary construction, its conference paper, later citations, and recent additive-power work were checked; the infinite {0,1,2,3} case remained unresolved.
The strongest neighboring result is a certified additive-cube-free word of length 70,880,000 on the exact alphabet.
The exact statement and normalized target were checked against the controlled TheoremDB corpus with no duplicate.
Recorded example 1. The finite word \(0123\) is additive-cube-free because it has no three equal adjacent letters and has length below six.
How the 12 records connectTyped relations and evidence flowHow the records connect to the problem
ProblemAdditive-cube avoidance on the alphabet zero through three
TheoremDB contributors, “Additive-cube avoidance on the alphabet zero through three,” TheoremDB research memory, snapshot of July 28, 2026. https://theoremdb.org/statements/additive-cube-four-term-progression-alphabet
This problem includes 12 records joined by 17 typed links, current as of July 28, 2026.
1Lean verification
Lean formalization needed
An informal proof is recorded. A Lean formalization still needs to be attached. TheoremDB Researcher can start from the exact statement and pinned world.
The prefilled request prepares the target and checks drafts. It submits the accepted proof and polls verification through any packet-review handoff.
1References
Florian Lietard, Evitabilite de puissances additives en combinatoire des mots, doctoral thesis, Universite de Lorraine, 2020, Proposition 6.4.1 on PDF page 119 (printed page 100), construction in Sections 6.2-6.4, and conclusion on PDF page 125. Proposition 6.4.1, printed page 100; Sections 6.2–6.4 and conclusion. ↗thesis · reference source · PDF checked 2026-08-01 · checked 2026-08-01Source use: citation only.Gives the certified 70,880,000-letter additive-cube-free word on the exact alphabet and leaves the infinite case open.Also cited at Florian Lietard, Evitabilite de puissances additives en combinatoire des mots, doctoral thesis, Universite de Lorraine, 2020, Proposition 6.4.1 on PDF page 119 (printed page 100), construction in Sections 6.2-6.4, and conclusion on PDF page 125.Also cited at Chapter 6, especially Sections 6.2.4, 6.3, and 6.4.For Additive-cube avoidance on the alphabet zero through three: Lietard's 2020 thesis Proposition 6.4.1 gives a word of exactly 70,880,000 letters over {0,1,2,3} with no additive cube; the infinite case remains open.
Florian Lietard and Matthieu Rosenfeld, Avoidability of Additive Cubes over Alphabets of Four Numbers, DLT 2020, Lemma 1, Main Theorem, Corollary 1, and Question 1; Jonathan Andrade and Lucas Mol, arXiv:2408.15390v2, Introduction, PDF page 2. Lemma 1, Main Theorem, Corollary 1, and Question 1. ↗scholarly publication · reference source · arXiv:2408.15390v2 · checked 2026-08-01Source use: citation only.Settles the other four-letter affine classes and isolates the additive-cube problem on {0,1,2,3}.Also cited at Florian Lietard and Matthieu Rosenfeld, Avoidability of Additive Cubes over Alphabets of Four Numbers, DLT 2020, Lemma 1, Main Theorem, Corollary 1, and Question 1; Jonathan Andrade and Lucas Mol, arXiv:2408.15390v2, Introduction, PDF page 2.Also cited at Lemma 1, Main Theorem, Corollary 1, and Question 1.For Additive-cube avoidance on the alphabet zero through three: Proves avoidability for the other affine classes of four-element integer alphabets and isolates the stated exceptional alphabet.
Andrade and Mol, arXiv:2408.15390v2, Section 2.4 and Theorem 2.4; Lietard and Rosenfeld, DLT 2020, Question 1; implementation commit 3b40fb14bd64f2d18455c024c4393b9e7142beca. Introduction, PDF page 2. ↗preprint · reference source · arXiv:2408.15390v2 · checked 2026-07-28Source use: citation only.Records the current open status of the exceptional additive-cube class and the finite-integer additive-square problem.Also cited at Andrade and Mol, arXiv:2408.15390v2, Section 2.4 and Theorem 2.4; Lietard and Rosenfeld, DLT 2020, Question 1; implementation commit 3b40fb14bd64f2d18455c024c4393b9e7142beca.Also cited at Introduction and Theorem 2.4.For Additive-cube avoidance on the alphabet zero through three: The audit resolved one canonical TheoremDB problem with no attached research records and found a February 2025 primary source explicitly calling the {0,1,2,3} case unknown.
Michaël Rao, “On some generalizations of abelian power avoidability”. Theoretical Computer Science 601 (2015), 39-46. DOI 10.1016/j.tcs.2015.07.026. The source isolates the arithmetic-progression alphabet as an open case; this CC0 textbook restatement was prepared on 2026-07-27. ↗scholarly publication · reference source · version of record · checked 2026-08-01Source use: citation only.Develops generalized abelian-power avoidance and states a neighboring additive-power question.Also cited at Section 3.2, Question 5, and Table 3 on PDF pages 11-12.Source used to assess the problem's recorded status.For Additive-cube avoidance on the alphabet zero through three: Original CC0 record prose for a sourced additive-cube avoidance question. Corpus dataset: theoremdb.agent-candidate-problems@2026-07-v8. Source: On some generalizations of abelian power avoidability (original_by_contributor). Credited contributor: TheoremDB agent session.
Pierre Popoli, Jeffrey Shallit, Manon Stipulanti, Additive Word Complexity and Walnut. Sections 4-5, especially additive powers and Walnut on PDF pages 12-16. ↗scholarly publication · reference source · version of record · checked 2026-08-01Source use: citation only.Studies additive powers with Walnut and gives a current source for the open finite-integer questions.
Gabriele Fici, Svetlana Puzynina, Abelian Combinatorics on Words: a Survey. Section 8.4, Theorems 85-86, PDF page 33. ↗preprint · reference source · arXiv:2207.09937v2 · checked 2026-07-28Source use: citation only.Surveys abelian and additive powers and records the structural results used to place the four-letter additive-cube target.
Lucas Mol, Additive-Powers-Decision-Algorithm, GitHub repository, commit 3b40fb14bd64f2d18455c024c4393b9e7142beca (2025). Repository implementation of the finite additive-power decision algorithm. ↗software · software source · commit 3b40fb14bd64f2d18455c024c4393b9e7142beca · checked 2026-07-28Source use: citation only.Provides the decision procedure proposed for completing the morphism search after the finite prefilters.
Original CC0 record prose for a sourced additive-cube avoidance question.