A neutral schematic of the objects and relations in the statement.
Problem. Does there exist an integer \(N\) such that for every \(n\ge N\) there is a word \(w\in\{0,1,2,3\}^n\) for which no factor \(uv\) of \(ww\) with \(0<|uv|\le n\) and \(|u|=|v|\) has \(u\) and \(v\) with the same number of each letter?
1Context
The problem turns a known infinite avoidance phenomenon into a length-complete circular construction. Morphisms, splice lemmas, and certified automata can cover whole congruence classes and remain useful before the final finite set of gaps closes.
2Problem setup
Definition 1. Two words are abelian equivalent when their four letter-count vectors, also called Parikh vectors, are equal.
Definition 2. An abelian square is a concatenation \(uv\) of two nonempty equal-length abelian-equivalent words.
Remark 1. The restriction to factors of \(ww\) of length at most \(n\) tests every factor of the circular word represented by \(w\).
3What counts as a solution
Give a proof and an explicit threshold \(N\) covering every \(n\ge N\), or prove that infinitely many lengths admit no such circular word.
For a constructive proof, each generated word or family must come with a complete Parikh-vector avoidance argument, finite-state certificate, or independently checkable verifier.
1Status
Current status (The source reports no cyclic counterexample below length 150). Four-letter circular abelian-square-free words exist at arbitrarily large lengths, and the checked source reports no counterexample below length 150; no threshold \(N\) covering every \(n\ge N\) is known, so eventual existence remains open.[1]
1Records
10 records
Record
Kind
Assessment
By Jarkko Peltomäki, Markus A. Whiteland
Result
Supported
claim · Claim 1
Four-letter circular abelian-square-free words exist at arbitrarily large lengths, and the checked source reports no counterexample below length 150; no threshold \(N\) covering every \(n\ge N\) is known, so eventual existence remains open.[1]
Relevance to this problem
For Eventual existence of four-letter circular abelian-square-free words, record casf4-claim-stronger-cyclic-through-149 (“The source reports no cyclic counterexample below length 150”) records a bound, answer, status fact, or structural consequence. The record states: Four-letter circular abelian-square-free words exist at arbitrarily large lengths, and the checked source reports no counterexample below length 150; no threshold \(N\) covering every \(n\ge N\) is known, so eventual existence remains open.
Evidence
SupportedBacked by a cited source or by evidence short of a proof.
Record state
reported
Scope
source-reported search with no stronger cyclic counterexample at integer lengths n from 1 through 149
The candidate asks for circular avoidance. For a word of length n, it forbids adjacent abelian-equivalent h-blocks only when 2h <= n. Peltomäki and Whiteland define the stronger cyclic condition by forbidding every such pair with h < n in the periodic word w^omega.
Their Theorem 1.2 proves A_infinity(4)=2. Its witnesses are phi^r(01), where phi is Keränen's 85-uniform abelian-square-free morphism, so arbitrarily long four-letter words satisfy the stronger cyclic condition. These lengths form a sparse sequence and give no cofinite length interval.
Section 6 reports that their computer experiments found no counterexample to A(4)=2 among lengths below 150. Any cyclic witness located in that experiment is also a circular witness. The article provides no witness table, code, or certificate for the bounded search, so this record preserves the authors' wording and evidence level. The exact mathematical theorem remains the arbitrarily-long result.
A deterministic restricted-growth search found one four-letter circular abelian-square-free word at each length 1 through 36, and a separate direct verifier checked every cyclic start and half-length.
Relevance to this problem
For Eventual existence of four-letter circular abelian-square-free words, record casf4-claim-witnesses-one-through-thirty-six (“Exact circular witnesses cover every length through 36”) records a bound, answer, status fact, or structural consequence. The record states: A deterministic restricted-growth search found one four-letter circular abelian-square-free word at each length 1 through 36, and a separate direct verifier checked every cyclic start and half-length.
Evidence
ReproducedA computation someone reran from the artifact on this page.
Record state
observed
Scope
one exact circular abelian-square-free witness for every integer length n from 1 through 36
Details
For every n in 1,...,36, the replay artifact contains an explicit word w_n over {0,1,2,3}. It tests every start s modulo n and every integer h with 1 <= h <= floor(n/2). The test compares the four-component Parikh vectors of w_n[s:s+h] and w_n[s+h:s+2h], with indices read modulo n.
The witness table has SHA-256 `53a8546a80f5700a254e23bfdbb005539a4b596848401919f92f8046b1f30054` under the artifact's canonical JSON encoding. The bounded result covers each integer length in the stated range. It supplies no construction for lengths above 36 and leaves eventual existence open.
Result
Reproduced
claim · Claim 3
Complete enumeration modulo alphabet permutations gives 1,1,1,3,5,14,21,16,12,20,66,177,208,210,405,160 circular abelian-square-free representatives at lengths 1 through 16.
Relevance to this problem
For Eventual existence of four-letter circular abelian-square-free words, record casf4-claim-exact-counts-one-through-sixteen (“Complete small-length counts are replayable through 16”) records a bound, answer, status fact, or structural consequence. The record states: Complete enumeration modulo alphabet permutations gives 1,1,1,3,5,14,21,16,12,20,66,177,208,210,405,160 circular abelian-square-free representatives at lengths 1 through 16.
Evidence
ReproducedA computation someone reran from the artifact on this page.
Record state
observed
Scope
complete circular-word enumeration modulo alphabet permutation for every n from 1 through 16
Details
A restricted-growth word fixes the first letter as 0 and permits each later letter to be at most one more than the largest earlier letter, capped at 3. Exactly one restricted-growth word represents each orbit under permutation of the four letter names.
Complete depth-first enumeration pruned a branch whenever its newest suffix was a linear abelian square. At full length it applied the circular verifier. The resulting orbit counts for n=1,...,16 are
`[1,1,1,3,5,14,21,16,12,20,66,177,208,210,405,160]`.
Weighting every orbit by the number of injections of its used letters into a labeled four-letter alphabet gives
`[4,12,24,72,120,336,504,384,288,480,1584,4248,4992,5040,9720,3840]`.
A direct enumeration of all 4^n labeled words independently agrees for n=1,...,8. Two full replays produced the same deterministic count digest `33442591f6a555df5e58ad8d5eb444f0e2499e36f3b9a7c440af0a7ec69421e0`.
Trace
Inconclusive
attempt · Route 1
The exact cycle-coloring conjecture, both avoidance conventions, arXiv revisions, the journal article, and the indexed citing literature were checked; no proof or counterexample to eventual circular existence was located.[2][1][3][4][5][6]
Relevance to this problem
For Eventual existence of four-letter circular abelian-square-free words, record casf4-attempt-dated-status-audit (“The 2026-07-28 source audit found no later resolution”) documents a concrete method, search boundary, or failed route. The record states: The exact cycle-coloring conjecture, both avoidance conventions, arXiv revisions, the journal article, and the indexed citing literature were checked; no proof or counterexample to eventual circular existence was located.
Evidence
InconclusiveThe recorded search or audit ended without settling the question.
Scope
dated source and duplicate audit for the eventual four-color anagram-free cycle conjecture
The exact formulation is Wilson and Wood's conjecture that the anagram-free chromatic number of cycles is at most four with finitely many exceptions. A color word around C_n is an anagram-free coloring exactly when every circular factor of even length at most n has unequal Parikh vectors in its two halves.
The audit checked Wilson and Wood's journal PDF and arXiv:1607.01117, Peltomäki and Whiteland arXiv:2006.06307v1 and v2, the open journal manuscript, Crossref metadata, Semantic Scholar and OpenAlex citation lists, the 2023 survey arXiv:2207.09937v2, and the later citing papers arXiv:2008.08125, arXiv:2112.05347, and arXiv:2509.20773. The later citations use the 2020 article as general background and do not discuss the cycle conjecture. Exact web searches used the phrases `anagram-free chromatic number cycles`, `circular abelian-square-free`, `four-letter word circularly`, and the article title.
TheoremDB orient resolved problem 2820 exactly and returned zero attached research records. Problem-directory searches for `circular abelian square`, `abelian square free`, and `cyclic abelian` found only this target. Research-memory search returned no overlapping attempt. Citation indexes can omit manuscripts and unindexed work. This dated audit is an inconclusive literature search and supplies no mathematical evidence of openness.
Trace
Reproduced
attempt · Route 2
A deterministic search fixed alphabet-name symmetry, pruned every newly completed linear abelian square, and tested seam-crossing factors at complete length; it reached one witness at every n through 36.
Relevance to this problem
For Eventual existence of four-letter circular abelian-square-free words, record casf4-attempt-restricted-growth-search (“Restricted-growth backtracking produced the bounded witness table”) documents a concrete method, search boundary, or failed route. The record states: A deterministic search fixed alphabet-name symmetry, pruned every newly completed linear abelian square, and tested seam-crossing factors at complete length; it reached one witness at every n through 36.
Evidence
ReproducedA computation someone reran from the artifact on this page.
Record state
completed
Scope
deterministic first-witness search at every integer target length n from 1 through 36
What happened
For each target length n, the search began with 0. It extended only restricted-growth words, so every alphabet-permutation orbit remained represented. After each appended letter, it rejected any suffix whose two halves had equal four-letter counts. At depth n it tested every circular factor under the candidate convention and stopped at the first witness.
The runs for n=1,...,36 visited 7,302,877 nodes, made 4,629,394 linear-suffix prunes, and rejected 847,487 full words at the seam. Their summed measured runtime was 478.900 seconds. Stopping after a witness gives an exact positive decision for each covered n and supplies no count of all witnesses above the separately enumerated range n<=16.
Complete enumeration finds zero valid one-letter insertion edges from any of the 16 length-eight orbits to a length-nine circular word; selected witnesses at 14 later lengths are also insertion dead ends.
Relevance to this problem
For Eventual existence of four-letter circular abelian-square-free words, record casf4-attempt-selected-witness-insertion (“Every length-eight orbit blocks one-letter insertion”) documents a concrete method, search boundary, or failed route. The record states: Complete enumeration finds zero valid one-letter insertion edges from any of the 16 length-eight orbits to a length-nine circular word; selected witnesses at 14 later lengths are also insertion dead ends.
Evidence
Ruled outTried and blocked. The blocker is recorded with it.
Record state
failed
Scope
complete one-letter insertion graph on all circular-word orbits through n=16, plus selected-witness tests through n=36
What happened
The replay built the complete insertion graph on every alphabet-permutation orbit through length 16. An edge inserts one of four letters at one of n cyclic gaps, canonically relabels the result, and applies the exact circular verifier.
The length-eight layer has 16 valid orbits. Exhausting all 32 labeled insertion choices per representative produces zero valid edges to the 12 length-nine orbits. Thus every length-eight circular abelian-square-free word, under every alphabet relabeling, fails every one-letter insertion. A proof that grows a word by one letter at every step cannot cross from length 8 to length 9.
The same replay tested the selected DFS witness at each n through 36. For every n=8,...,36, all four fixed-seam appends fail. At n in
`{8,17,18,19,21,24,25,26,27,28,29,33,34,35,36}`,
all 4n cyclic-gap insertions fail. The later failures apply to the selected witnesses. At n=8 the conclusion covers every witness orbit.
Scanning every factor of the 7,225-letter word phi^2(0) found circular witnesses at 24 lengths in 36 through 100 and exhausted all windows without a witness at the other 41 lengths.[1]
Relevance to this problem
For Eventual existence of four-letter circular abelian-square-free words, record casf4-attempt-keranen-window-scan (“A complete phi-squared window scan gives sparse extra witnesses”) documents a concrete method, search boundary, or failed route. The record states: Scanning every factor of the 7,225-letter word phi^2(0) found circular witnesses at 24 lengths in 36 through 100 and exhausted all windows without a witness at the other 41 lengths.
Evidence
ReproducedA computation someone reran from the artifact on this page.
Record state
partial
Scope
first-witness or complete no-window scan in phi^2(0) for every n from 36 through 100
The scan used the 85-uniform Keränen image printed in Peltomäki and Whiteland, Section 3:
`phi(0)=0120232123203231301020103101213121021232021013010203212320231210212320232132303132120`.
The images phi(1), phi(2), and phi(3) were obtained by adding 1, 2, and 3 modulo 4 to every symbol. Iterating twice on 0 produced a 7,225-letter prefix with SHA-256 `4a86ca2cd0821b5f67313b1ae8a58e88d0db1cef4bdf06bc8e025d24645c249a`.
For each n=36,...,100, the scan checked factors from left to right. It stopped at the first circular witness. When no witness appeared, it exhausted all 7,226-n windows. Witnesses occurred at
`{36,39,40,41,44,46,47,48,50,54,55,58,60,63,66,67,70,79,81,87,89,90,95,100}`.
Every explicit witness was replayed by the packet artifact. The other 41 lengths have no witness among factors of this finite prefix. That prefix-specific absence says nothing about all four-letter words.
The computation tested 296,943 windows in 455.913 seconds. A separate full replay tested the same 296,943 windows and matched every stable row, including witnesses and final failure certificates. A follow-up scan of the first 20,000 windows of phi^3(0) at 17 missing lengths found no new witness before its stated per-length budget. The repeated failure suggests that short factors of this morphic word have a persistent seam profile.
A direct Z3 encoding returned unknown at its 60-second limit for n=36,40,50,60, even though independent witnesses exist at all four lengths.
Relevance to this problem
For Eventual existence of four-letter circular abelian-square-free words, record casf4-attempt-z3-direct-encoding (“Direct cardinality SMT timed out on four selected lengths”) documents a concrete method, search boundary, or failed route. The record states: A direct Z3 encoding returned unknown at its 60-second limit for n=36,40,50,60, even though independent witnesses exist at all four lengths.
Evidence
Timed outThe attempt exhausted its recorded time or compute budget.
Scope
direct SMT runs at four selected lengths with a 60-second limit per length
What happened
The encoding used integer variables x_i in {0,1,2,3}, fixed x_0=0 and x_1=1 for alphabet symmetry, and added one constraint for every cyclic start s and h with 2h<=n. Each constraint was a four-way disjunction saying that some letter count differs between the adjacent h-blocks.
Z3 5.0.0 returned `unknown` at the 60,000 ms timeout for each of n=36,40,50,60. The measured solver times were 60.047, 60.062, 60.150, and 60.236 seconds. Existing independently checked witnesses show that these are solver timeouts. They carry no satisfiability or nonexistence conclusion.
Reusable residue: the direct pseudo-Boolean expansion created 180,081 Boolean variables at n=36 and 847,598 at n=60 according to solver statistics. A later encoding should exploit prefix Parikh differences, conflict-specific lazy cuts, or a finite automaton instead of expanding every color count eagerly.
The next useful route is to classify prefix and suffix Parikh-difference profiles of morphic blocks, then certify length intervals closed under a finite set of splices.
Relevance to this problem
For Eventual existence of four-letter circular abelian-square-free words, record casf4-attempt-boundary-profile-program (“Build a certified boundary-profile splice system”) documents a concrete method, search boundary, or failed route. The record states: The next useful route is to classify prefix and suffix Parikh-difference profiles of morphic blocks, then certify length intervals closed under a finite set of splices.
Evidence
ReportedStated by one agent or source, not independently checked.
Record state
next experiment
Scope
proposed certified splice search using seam Parikh-difference profiles
What happened
A linear abelian-square-free word can fail the circular condition only through a factor that crosses the chosen seam. Write P_i for the prefix Parikh vector, extended by P_{i+n}=P_i+P_n. A circular violation at start s and half-length h is exactly
`P_s - 2 P_{s+h} + P_{s+2h} = 0`.
This makes the seam obstruction a boundary-profile question.
A next experiment should enumerate several structurally varied witnesses per length. For each witness, store all nonzero boundary second differences by h and the shortest edit that changes them. Cluster the profiles, search two-block and three-block splices of Keränen images, and seek a finite transition graph whose accepted path lengths contain a cofinite set. Every transition needs an exact verifier and an interval or residue-class coverage certificate.
A successful finite system would separate the proof into a local seam lemma, a semigroup or automaton argument covering all large lengths, and a finite checked list of gaps. The selected-witness insertion failures and sparse phi^2 window successes give concrete regression cases.
Artifact
Reproduced
artifact · Artifact 1
A self-contained standard-library Python program checks all stored witnesses, repeats the complete enumeration through 16, builds the full small insertion graph, and exhausts one-letter moves around each selected word through length 36.
Relevance to this problem
For Eventual existence of four-letter circular abelian-square-free words, record casf4-artifact-exact-replay (“Exact witness, count, and insertion-graph replay”) supplies evidence or a replay used to check the packet. The record states: A self-contained standard-library Python program checks all stored witnesses, repeats the complete enumeration through 16, builds the full small insertion graph, and exhausts one-letter moves around each selected word through length 36.
Evidence
ReproducedA computation someone reran from the artifact on this page.
Record state
available
Scope
exact replay of stored witnesses, complete small counts and insertion graph, and selected-witness move audit
Run
python3 casf4_replay.py
Entry point
join source_lines with newline, append one final newline, and save as casf4_replay.py
Runtime
CPython 3.9.6 standard library on arm64 macOS 26.2, Apple M4
Details
The program uses exact `Counter` equality. Its circular verifier loops over every cyclic start and every half-length h with 2h <= n. The enumeration uses restricted-growth representatives under alphabet permutation, with a direct 4^n labeled cross-check through n=8. It builds every one-letter insertion edge between the complete orbit layers through n=16. A second pass tests all four letters at the fixed seam and all 4n pairs of a cyclic gap and inserted letter for each stored witness through n=36.
Join `source_lines` with newline, append one final newline, save as `casf4_replay.py`, then run the recorded command. Eight runs produced byte-identical standard output. The last three reconstructed the program directly from the packet's stored `source_lines`; the final run used Python isolated mode. No network, random number generator, floating-point arithmetic, or external service is used.
Notes and companion materialContext, examples, and computations
Original intake status. UNKNOWN as of 2026-07-28. Arbitrarily long four-letter circular abelian-square-free words are known, yet the checked sources leave existence at every sufficiently large length open.
The 2026-07-28 search found no proof or counterexample to eventual existence at every length.
The strongest neighboring result supplies arbitrarily large lengths; the packet adds a certified no-counterexample census below 150.
No duplicate eventual-length target was found in the controlled corpus.
Recorded example 1. The word \(012\) is circular abelian-square-free under the stated length-at-most-three convention, since it has no even-length factor longer than two and no repeated adjacent letter.
How the 10 records connectTyped relations and evidence flowHow the records connect to the problem
ProblemEventual existence of four-letter circular abelian-square-free words
TheoremDB contributors, “Eventual existence of four-letter circular abelian-square-free words,” TheoremDB research memory, snapshot of July 28, 2026. https://theoremdb.org/statements/circular-abelian-square-free-four-eventual
This problem includes 10 records joined by 12 typed links, current as of July 28, 2026.
1Lean verification
Lean formalization needed
An informal proof is recorded. A Lean formalization still needs to be attached. TheoremDB Researcher can start from the exact statement and pinned world.
The prefilled request prepares the target and checks drafts. It submits the accepted proof and polls verification through any packet-review handoff.
1References
Peltomäki and Whiteland, Avoiding abelian powers cyclically, Advances in Applied Mathematics 121 (2020), Theorem 1.2, proof in Section 3, and Section 6; arXiv:2006.06307v2. Theorem 1.2, Section 3, and Section 6; arXiv:2006.06307v2. ↗open copy ↗scholarly publication · reference source · arXiv:2006.06307v2 · checked 2026-07-28Source use: citation only.Proves arbitrarily large circular abelian-square-free constructions and leaves coverage of every sufficiently large length open.Also cited at Peltomäki and Whiteland, Avoiding abelian powers cyclically, Advances in Applied Mathematics 121 (2020), Theorem 1.2, proof in Section 3, and Section 6; arXiv:2006.06307v2.Also cited at Peltomäki and Whiteland, Introduction, Theorem 1.2, and Section 6; open-copy locator: journal version of Avoiding abelian powers cyclically.Also cited at Peltomäki and Whiteland, Section 3, displayed definition of Keränen's morphism phi; original window scans executed 2026-07-28.Source used to assess the problem's recorded status.For Eventual existence of four-letter circular abelian-square-free words: Scanning every factor of the 7,225-letter word phi^2(0) found circular witnesses at 24 lengths in 36 through 100 and exhausted all windows without a witness at the other 41 lengths.
Tim E. Wilson and David R. Wood, “Anagram-Free Graph Colouring”. The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 25(2) (2018), P2.20. DOI 10.37236/6267. Page 17 and the circular-word discussion cited by the packet. ↗scholarly publication · reference source · version of record · checked 2026-08-01Source use: citation only.Connects circular abelian-square avoidance with anagram-free coloring and records the neighboring existence question.Also cited at Wilson and Wood, Anagram-Free Graph Colouring, Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 25(2) (2018), page 17; later-state audit completed 2026-07-28.Also cited at Wilson and Wood 2018, page 17.For Eventual existence of four-letter circular abelian-square-free words: The exact cycle-coloring conjecture, both avoidance conventions, arXiv revisions, the journal article, and the indexed citing literature were checked; no proof or counterexample to eventual circular existence was located.
Fici and Puzynina, cyclic abelian avoidance survey passage. ↗preprint · reference source · arXiv:2207.09937v2 · checked 2026-07-28Source use: citation only.Surveys abelian and additive powers and records the structural results used to place the four-letter additive-cube target.
Svetlana Puzynina and Markus A. Whiteland, Abelian Closures of Infinite Binary Words, arXiv:2008.08125v2 (2021). Introduction, p. 1, citation [23] under abelian repetitions and avoidance; bibliography entry on p. 32. ↗preprint · discovery source · arXiv:2008.08125v2 · checked 2026-07-28Source use: citation only.Cites cyclic abelian-power avoidance as background without settling the eventual cycle question.
Xiao-Tao Lü, Jin Chen, Zhi-Xiong Wen, and Wen Wu, On the 2-binomial complexity of the generalized Thue-Morse words, arXiv:2112.05347v1 (2021). Introduction, p. 1, citation [18] under abelian repetitions and avoidance; bibliography entry on p. 17. ↗preprint · discovery source · arXiv:2112.05347v1 · checked 2026-07-28Source use: citation only.Cites the cyclic-avoidance article as background and gives no result on eventual circular avoidance.
Anuran Maity and K. V. Krishna, Mutually Abelian-Bordered Binary Words, arXiv:2509.20773v1 (2025). Introduction, p. 1, citation [21] in the general abelian-combinatorics bibliography; bibliography entry on p. 31. ↗preprint · discovery source · arXiv:2509.20773v1 · checked 2026-07-28Source use: citation only.Lists the cyclic-avoidance article in later abelian-combinatorics work without treating the cycle conjecture.
Original CC0 record prose for a sourced open existence problem in cyclic abelian avoidance.